Chapter+9

=Chapter 9= **9.1 Form of the passive voice**

The passive voice is in Dutch called het lijdend voorwerp. it is formed by //__be+past participle__(voltooit deelwoord+ verleden deelwoord)// the subject undergoes the action but it can also be used to denote the state in which a subject of the sentence finds itself as a result of the action.

//Action:// the thief was arrested, de dief werd gearresteerd. //State:// That jeans is sold out, die broek is uitverkocht.

**9.2 ** **Auxiliaries of the passive voice.**

The English language has two auxiliaries the Dutch word for auxiliary is hulpwerkwoord. These two auxiliaries are necessary to form the passive voice.

Number one: (usually) //be// it can also be a form of ‘be’ Example: At 8 o’clock all the lights were switched off. Number two: //Get//, but it can also be a form of ‘get’. Example, he got injured in a plane crash.

Get is normally not used in formal English. You can’t use get when a by- phrase follows the sentence Example: little peter was bitten //by a dog// little Peter got bitten. //when in doubt use be, which is always correct.//
 * 9.3 The tense in the passive voice **.

//a. present tense.// I am rescued. Ik word gered you are rescued. Jij wordt gered he/ she is rescued. Hij/ zij worden gered we/ you/ they are rescued. Wij/ jullie/ zij worden gered //b. past tense. // I was rescued Ik werd gered You were rescued Jij werd gered He/ she was rescued Hij/ zij warden gered We/ you/ they were rescued Wij/ jullie/ zij warden gered. //c. present future tense. // I will be rescued Ik zal gered worden. You will be rescued. Jij zult gered worden He/ she will be rescued Hij/ zij zal gered worden. We/ you/ they will be rescued wij/ jullie/ zij zullen gered worden. //d. past future tense. // I/ you/ he/ she would be rescued ik/ jij/ hij/ zij zou gered worden. We/ you/ they would be rescued Wij/ jullie/ zij zouden gered worden. //e. present perfect tense. // I have been rescued ik ben gered You have been rescued jij bent gered He/ she has been rescued hij/ zij is gered We/ you/ they have been rescued wij/ jullie/ zij zijn gered //f. past perfect tense. // I/ you/ he/ she had been rescued Ik/ jij/ hij/zij was gered We/ you/ they had been rescued Wij/ jullie/ zij waren gered. //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">g. present future perfect tense. // <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">I/ you/ he/ she will have been rescued Ik/ jij/ hij/ zij zal gered zijn. We/ you/ they will have been rescued Wij/ jullie/ zij zullen gestraft zijn. //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">h. past future perfect tense. // <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">I/ you/ he/ she would have been rescued Ik/ jij/ hij/ zij zou gered zijn. We/ you/ they would have been rescued Wij/ jullie/ zij zouden gestraft zijn. //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The passive can also have a continuous form, here are some examples. // <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">When I entered the garage, my car was just being cleaned Toen ik de garage binnen kwam werd mijn auto net schoongemaakt. My car is being repaired at the moment. Mijn auto wordt op het ogenblik gerepareerd. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> An active sentence can be made passive in two ways. The direct object (lijdend voorwerp) of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">9.4 How to make an active sentence passive. **
 * //a. direct object becomes subject.//**

Active sentences: Passive sentences. The police arrested the burglar. The burglar was arrested. (by the police) Laura gave Zoë a book. A book was given to Zoë. when you take a close look at the last sentence you can see that it contains a indirect object, (meewerkend voorwerp). //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The indirect object must begin with ‘to’. //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> A book was given to Zoë. NOT: a book was given Zoë. //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Before a personal pronoun (persoonlijk voornaamwoord) however, ‘to’ can be left out: //<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> a book was given (to) her.
 * Examples:**

Part two. //** b. indirect object becomes subject. **//

the indirect object of an active sentence can also be made the subject of a passive sentence.

//Active// //Passive.// Laura gave Zoë a book Zoë was given a book (by Laura) The firm offered her a good salary. She was offered a good salary (by the firm) They told us to leave the place. We were told to leave the place. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> A sentence like ‘I was told the ‘truth’ is more usual than ‘the truth was told (to) me’.
 * Exceptions:**


 * 9.5 Sentences with verb+noun+preposition phrase**

When an active sentence contains a phrase consisting of a __verb+noun+preposition__, the noun in this phrase can only become the subject of a passive sentence if the phrase is separable.

**Examples of a separable phrase:** // A premodifier can be inserted between the verb and the noun. // - They paid (little) //attention// to his words. - (Little) //attention// was paid to his words.

- They took (excellent) //care// of the baby. - (Excellent) //care// was taken of the baby.

Without ‘little’ in the first example the sentence has a completely different meaning. And without ‘excellent’ in the second example, they just take care of the baby. So in passive sentences of this type the subject usually contains a premodifier.

If we can’t insert a premodifier between the verb and the noun, the noun can’t become the subject. Only the direct object can become the subject.

- The soldiers set //fire// to the house. - The house was set //fire// by the soldiers.
 * Examples of an inseparable phrase:**

- We lost //sight// of the ship. - The ship was lost //sight// of.

In the first example, fire is the noun but set and fire are inseparable, so it can never become the subject. **<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">9.6 Indirect object with ‘to’: one passive structure. ** <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">When a indirect object begins with ‘to’ it cannot be the subject of a passive sentence. therefore, sentences containing such an indirect object can only be made passive by making the direct object the subject of the passive sentence.

she explained the matter to me -> the matter was explained to me. NOT I was explained the matter.
 * Example:**

the most important among these verbs are: See page 75 and 76.

** 9.7 Indirect object with ‘for’: one passive structure ** If you can replace an indirect object by an indirect object with ‘for’ can’t become the subject of a passive sentence.

Active: They had booked a room for her. Passive: A room had been booked for her. Can’t say: She had been booked a room.
 * Example:**


 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">9.8 the passive voice in English and Dutch is compared.

**<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">when we look at the English and the Dutch language some observations can be made.

**<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">a **<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">. ‘men’ in Dutch the Dutch people often use ‘men’ when English has a passive construction.

Men bood hem een geode baan aan. He was offered a good job. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> (less common, a good job was offered (to) him. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Men zag hem het gebouw binnenkomen He was seen to enter the building. He was seen entering the building. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Dutch has passive sentences which begin with ´er´ whereas in English a passive sentences construction hardly ever begins with ´there´.
 * Example:**

**<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">b. **<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> ´er´ in Dutch. Er wordt gezegd dat hij ernstig ziek is. It is said that he is seriously ill. Er wordt geen aandacht… No attention was paid to… <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">English has no passive structure with ´there´corresponding to the Dutch passive structure in which ´er´ does not refer to anything. English uses a passive structure without ´there´or, when it is not possible, an active structure.

Examples. Er wordt minder gerookt. There is less smoking/ people smoke less. Er werd gedanst. There was dancing/ people danced.


 * c**. verbs that are active in Dutch but passive in English.

Some Dutch verbs have a passive counterpart in English.

Afbranden= be burnt down. Verdrinken= be drowned Sneuvelen= be killed. Zoek raken= be/ get lost.

Are these sentences **//active//** or **//passive//**?
 * Exercise 1 **
 * 1) He __was being__ a bully to his classmates.
 * 2) He was __being bullied__ by his classmates.
 * 3) The book __has been forgotten.__
 * 4) The girls __had lost__ the match.
 * 5) The book __was published__ in England.
 * 6) He __was being__ arrested.
 * 7) We __were having__ a meeting at 8.30.
 * 8) The office __was closed__ when I arrived.


 * Answers **
 * 1) active
 * 2) passive
 * 3) passive
 * 4) active
 * 5) passive
 * 6) passive
 * 7) active
 * 8) passive

Change these active sentences into **//passive//**.
 * Exercise 2 **


 * 1) Julia __rescued__ two cats.
 * 2) The students __handed__ in their reports.
 * 3) The teacher __is not going to open__ the window.
 * 4) Jim had to take his dog to the vet.
 * 5) Everybody drinks water.


 * Answers **
 * 1) Two cats __were rescued__ (by Julia).
 * 2) The reports __were handed__ in (by the students).
 * 3) The window __is not going to be opened__ (by the teacher).
 * 4) The dog had to be taken to the vet (by Jim).
 * 5) Water is drunk by everybody.

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